Miscellaneous drugs
There are a variety of other drugs that can be abused, even though they may not fit into the categories previously mentioned. These include:Inhalants:
Solvents, aerosols, gases, and nitrites are sniffed or huffed to produce a high. Inhalants can cause loss of consciousness, coma, and even death.
Club drugs:
A catch-all term for a variety of drugs that are typically used at clubs or parties, such as MDMA (ecstasy), ketamine, and GHB. These drugs can be dangerous because their effects are not always known, and they can interact with other medicines in harmful ways.
Psychedelic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin (mushrooms), and DMT distort reality and can cause hallucinations. These drugs can be dangerous because they can lead to bad trips that are difficult to recover from.
Opioids:
Drugs such as heroin, morphine, and codeine are typically used for pain relief but can also be abused. Opioids are highly addictive and can cause overdose and death.
Sedatives:
Drugs such as Xanax, Valium, and Ativan are typically used to treat anxiety or insomnia but can also be abused. Sedatives can cause confusion, drowsiness, or even coma.
Stimulants:
Drugs such as cocaine, methamphetamine, and Adderall increase energy and alertness but can also be abused. Stimulants can cause anxiety, paranoia, and even psychosis.
Primidone:
Primidone is a drug that is used to treat seizures.
Uses:
It may also be used to treat grand mal seizures that are resistant to other anticonvulsants.
Mechanism:
Primidone works by slowing down the activity of the brain. This helps to control seizures. It is not fully understood how primidone works to control seizures, but it is thought that it helps to keep the electrical activity in the brain under control.
Uses:
It is used to treat epilepsy, mania, and prophylactic migraine headaches.
It is also used to treat absence seizures, tonic-clonic convulsions (grand mal), complex partial epilepsies, and other seizure types.
Mechanism:
The increased amounts of GABA in the brain as enzymes that break down or block the reuptake of GABA into glia and nerve endings are inhibited account for its anticonvulsant action. Valproic acid decreases the excitability of neurons by inhibiting voltage-sensitive sodium channels, which can also lead to repressed electric activity.
A catch-all term for a variety of drugs that are typically used at clubs or parties, such as MDMA (ecstasy), ketamine, and GHB. These drugs can be dangerous because their effects are not always known, and they can interact with other medicines in harmful ways.
Psychedelic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin (mushrooms), and DMT distort reality and can cause hallucinations. These drugs can be dangerous because they can lead to bad trips that are difficult to recover from.
Opioids:
Drugs such as heroin, morphine, and codeine are typically used for pain relief but can also be abused. Opioids are highly addictive and can cause overdose and death.
Sedatives:
Drugs such as Xanax, Valium, and Ativan are typically used to treat anxiety or insomnia but can also be abused. Sedatives can cause confusion, drowsiness, or even coma.
Stimulants:
Drugs such as cocaine, methamphetamine, and Adderall increase energy and alertness but can also be abused. Stimulants can cause anxiety, paranoia, and even psychosis.
Primidone:
Primidone is a drug that is used to treat seizures.
Uses:
It may also be used to treat grand mal seizures that are resistant to other anticonvulsants.
Mechanism:
Primidone works by slowing down the activity of the brain. This helps to control seizures. It is not fully understood how primidone works to control seizures, but it is thought that it helps to keep the electrical activity in the brain under control.
Valproic acid
Valproic acid is a drug known to relieve seizures. It is a sedative which might be a cause for confusion, drowsiness, and even coma.Uses:
It is used to treat epilepsy, mania, and prophylactic migraine headaches.
It is also used to treat absence seizures, tonic-clonic convulsions (grand mal), complex partial epilepsies, and other seizure types.
Mechanism:
The increased amounts of GABA in the brain as enzymes that break down or block the reuptake of GABA into glia and nerve endings are inhibited account for its anticonvulsant action. Valproic acid decreases the excitability of neurons by inhibiting voltage-sensitive sodium channels, which can also lead to repressed electric activity.
Gabapentin
Gabapentin can also interact with other drugs in harmful ways. It is important to take gabapentin exactly as prescribed by a doctor and to avoid taking it with other sedatives.Uses:
It's used to treat postherpetic neuralgia in adults, as well as an adjunctive treatment for partial seizures with and without secondary generalization in children over the age of 12.
Mechanism:
Gabapentin interacts with auxiliary sub-unite voltage-sensitive calcium channels in the brain.It promotes the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters by increasing brain GABA levels. It increases synaptic GABA, enhances GABA responses at non-synaptic sites in neuronal tissues, and inhibits monoamine neurotransmitter release.
Felbamate
Felbamate is a drug that is used to treat seizures. It is a sedative that might cause confusion, drowsiness, or even coma.Felbamate can also interact with other drugs in harmful ways. It is essential to take felbamate exactly as prescribed by a doctor and to avoid taking it with other sedatives.
Uses:
It is only used in individuals who have failed to respond to other therapies and have severe epilepsy that could result in aplastic anemia or liver failure.
Mechanism:
The NMDA receptor's glycine binding site opposes the effects of the excitatory amino acids and dampens seizure activity.
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Ankur Choudhary is India's first professional pharmaceutical blogger, author and founder of pharmaguideline.com, a widely-read pharmaceutical blog since 2008. Sign-up for the free email updates for your daily dose of pharmaceutical tips.
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