Ultraviolet and visible absorption spectrophotometry is the measurement of the absorption of monochromatic radiation by solutions of chemical substances, in the range of 185 nm to 380 nm, and 380 nm to 780 nm of the spectrum, respectively.
The magnitude of the absorption of a solution is expressed in terms of the absorbance, A, defined as the logarithm to base 10 of the reciprocal of transmittance (T) for monochromatic radiation:
For the convenience of reference and for ease in calculations, the specific absorbance of a 1 percent w/v solution is adopted in this Pharmacopoeia for several substances unless otherwise indicated, and it refers to the absorbance of a 1 percent w/v solution in a 1 cm cell and measured at a defined wavelength.
It is evaluated by the expression
A(l percent, 1 cm) =A/cl,
where c is the concentration of the absorbing substance expressed as percentage w/v and I is the thickness of the absorbing layer in cm. The value of A (1 percent, 1 cm) at a particular wavelength in a given solvent is a property of the absorbing substance.
Unless otherwise stated, measure the absorbance at the prescribed wavelength using a path length of 1 cm and at 24° to 26°. Unless otherwise stated, the measurements are carried out with reference to the same solvent or the same mixture of solvents.Apparatus
A spectrophotometer, suitable for measuring in the ultraviolet and visible ranges of the spectrum consists of an optical system capable of producing monochromatic light in the range of 200 nm to 800 nm and a device suitable for measuring the absorbance.
The two empty cells used for the solutions under examination and the reference liquid must have the same spectral characteristics. Where double-beam-recording instruments are used, the solvent cell is placed in the reference beam.
Control of wavelengths
Verify the wavelength scale using the absorption maxima of holmium perchlorate solution, the line of hydrogen or deuterium discharge lamp or the lines of a mercury vapor are shown below. The permitted tolerance is ± 1nm for the range 200 nm to 400 nm and ± 3 nm for the range 400 nm to 600 nm
Control of absorbance
Check the absorbance using suitable filters or a solution of potassium dichromate UV at the wavelengths indicated in Table 1, which gives for each wavelength the exact values and permitted limits of the specific absorbance. The tolerance for the absorbance is ± 0.01.
Use solutions of potassium dichromate UV which has been previously dried to constant weight at 130°. For the control of absorbance at 235 nm, 257 nm, 313 nm and 350 nm, dissolve 57.0-63.0 mg of potassium dichromate UV in 0.005 M sulphuric acid and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same acid. For the control of absorbance at 430 nm, dissolve 57.0-63.0 mg of potassium dichromate UV in 0.005 M sulphuric acid and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same acid.
Limit of stray light
Stray light may be detected at a given wavelength with suitable filters or solutions; for example, the absorbance of a 1.2 percent w/v solution of potassium chloride in a 1cm cell should be greater than 2.0 at about 200 nm when compared with water as reference liquid.
Resolution power
When stated in a monograph, record the spectrum of 0.02 percent v/v solution of toluene in hexane.
What is principle of IR?
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